Топик The Causes of Heart Diseas. Перевод текста causes of some diseases

cause diseases - Перевод на русский - примеры английский

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It is also held that contraceptive usage will cause diseases for women; a likely consequence of botched attempts at family planning and birth control during Indonesian occupation that left some women infertile.

If transported to environments away from their origin, marine plants and animals can invade the new ecosystem and destroy the native species, while pathogens may cause diseases to organisms in the new environment and even damage human health.

However, as a number of potato pathogens cause diseases that can progress during storage and shipment, there is a risk that while a tolerance may have been met at the point of export it may not be met at the point of import.

Gene sequencing facilitates the diagnosis of and research on deafness, hereditary hearing loss, hereditary breast cancer, cystic fibrosis and a large number of gene mutations that cause diseases such as phenylketonuria, mitochondrial disease, Wilson's disease and Von Hippel-Lindau disease.

Этот институт не смог приобрести оборудование оптического диагностирования ПЭТ-КТ, которая в современной онкологии является наиболее передовым методом получения самых высококачественных изображений и самых точных физиологических данных.

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Existing biological agents have the potential to cause disease among large numbers of people and to spread fear within populations.

The weightlessness didn't cause disease did.

Pathological waste is waste containing pathogens that could cause disease to humans and animals.

Latently infected tubers can cause disease when planted in the next season.

Infrastructure deficiencies, including a lack of drinking water and sanitary facilities, inadequate food and overcrowding tended to cause disease and rioting.

Basic research studies unlocked many of the mysteries of the virus and how it causes disease.

But nobody worried about whether fiberglass was going to cause disease, or be difficult to dispose of.

Однако тогда никого не беспокоило, что стекловолокно вредно для здоровья или плохо утилизируется.

They knew the risk since this fashion of transportation is well-known to cause disease in slaves.

Is there anything in there that could cause disease, bacterial outbreak, or mutations?

NHP was designed to fulfil the tasks related to health promotion and disease prevention, leading in turn to a reduction of the risk factors that cause disease.

Pathogens are defined as micro-organisms (including bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, parasites, fungi) and other agents such as prions, which can cause disease in humans or animals.

Hence, States report on having met the water target even when in reality they are supplying water that is unsafe to drink and that may cause disease and possibly death.

2.6.1(b) Replace "or recombinant micro-organisms, that are known or reasonably expected to cause infectious disease in animals or humans."with "and other agents such as prions, which can cause disease in humans or animals.".

Топик по английскому The Causes of Heart Diseas

Heart disease affects so many people that it has become a serious concern for medical science. The heart is a complex organ that is vulnerable to hereditary as well as environmental risks. Scientists identified a number of risk factors associated with heart disease. They grouped these risk factors into major and minor causes.Major causes are those that have been proven to increase your risk of heart disease. One of the major risk factors is high blood pressure. High blood pressure increases your risk of heart disease, heart attack, and stroke because the heart to work too hard and can damage arteries. Another major cause is high blood cholesterol levels. It is so dangerous because fatty deposits build up in blood vessels and make at greater risk of having a heart attack. Extra cholesterol enters the human body when they eat foods that come from animals (meats, eggs, and dairy products). The leading cause in this group is diabetes. The American Heart Association estimates that 65% of patients with diabetes die of some form of heart disease.Minor causes are those that some doctor think can lead to an increased risk of heart disease, but their exact role has not been defined. The leader in this group is obesity. Extra weight and poor diet increases chances of developing other risk factors for heart disease, especially high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and diabetes. Next cause is having a sedentary lifestyle. Cubicle and home life on the couch is not conducive to health. Exercise burns calories, helps to control cholesterol levels and diabetes, and may lower blood pressure. Exercise also strengthens the heart muscle and makes the arteries more flexible. And third cause is having a Type A personality. It means the person becoming easily stressed, being overly competitive, aggressive, and intense. Stressful situations raise heart rate and blood pressure.It is never too late or too early begins improving heart health. Some risk factors can be controlled, while others cannot. But, by eliminating risk factors that can change and by properly managing those that cannot control, may greatly reduce risk of heart disease.

Топики по теме

Упражнение 5

А. Определите, какую функцию в предложении выпол­няют выделенные слова и какой частью речи они являются.

Выпишите эти слова и поставьте обозначения: n - для существительного v - для глагола.

Найдите в словаре значения этих слов, ориентиру­ясь на их принадлежность к той или иной части речи.

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. a) The skeleton is all the bones that make up a body.

b) Water can have in its chemical make-up some substances harmful to a man.

2. a) Many enzymes have different forms in different organs, b) Cartilage forms the major part of bone in the very young.

3. a) The body changes carbohydrates into fats and stores them in that form, b) These lymphocytes undergo certain changes in the thymus.

4. a) Leucocytosis means an increase in the normal number of leucocytes in the

blood.

b) The blood is the chief means of transport within the body.

5. a) An enzyme does not control the direction of the reaction.

b) Smooth muscles in blood vessels provide control over the distribution of blood and help regulate blood pressure.

6. a) Growth in height occurs as a result of maturation of the skeleton, b) Hormonal deficiencies usually result in metabolic disturbances.

7. a) The announcement of the germ theory initiated the study of bacteria as causes

of some diseases.

b) At the beginning of systole contraction of the cardiac muscle causes a steep rise in pressure inside the chamber.

8. a) The cranium is the house where the brain resides.

b) The 29 vertebrae house in their central hollows the spinal cord.

9. a) Blood vessels course through every layer of bone and carry nutritive elements,

oxygen, and other products.

b) The onset, course, and duration of a fever vary with the cause.

10. a) Adults laugh an average of only 15 times per day, while children laugh an

average 400 times daily.

b) The biological clock in human beings times our periods of sleep and wakefulness and many body activities.

11. a) The heart functions as an effective pump.

b) The blood is a fluid tissue with many different functions.

12. a) A hormone travels through the bloodstream and exerts influence on cells,

tissues, and organs.

b) Many factors influence the activity with which drugs operate.

Упражнение 6

А. Пользуясь таблицей на стр.14, иллюстрирующей об­разование времён английского глагола в действи­тельном залоге, найдите сказуемое в каждом пред­ложении и дайте его полную характеристику:

1. лицо, число

2. время

3. группа

Пример: has contributed - 3 лицо, ед. число

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. The X-ray has contributed greatly to our knowledge of the physiology of thedigestive canal.

2. In the future people will live longer than today.

3. Several recent studies showed a connection between stress and illness.

4. Cellular responses center around the activities of T-lymphocytes.

5. Lymph is constantly moving around the body but the lymphatic system has no central pump equivalent to the heart.

6. The internal ear houses the organs essential for hearing and equilibrium.

7. More and more men have been entering the nursing profession.

8. Lack of sufficient insulin results in diabetes.

9. Antibiotic drugs have greatly improved the treatment of abscesses.

10. People vary in their reaction to different antigens.

11. Doctors have been operating on fetuses since the early 1980s.

12. The use of X-rays equipment in hospitals began in the late 1890s.

13. Human activities are now causing damage to the ozone layer.

14. From the dawn of humanity, people have been using plants to cure their illnesses.

15. The gums cushion the teeth, while the jawbone firmly anchors the roots.

10. The size of the thoracic cavity is constantly varying with the movement of ribs and the diaphragm.

Тексты для тренировочного перевода (к разделу 1)

1. Muscle is the most abundant tissue in the body: it accounts for some two fifths of the body weight. Even at rest a muscle is not completely flabby. Continuous activity of the nerve cells maintains a slight tension or tone, which causes no movement. Several hereditary diseases affect the growth and function of muscles.

2. The two principal layers of the skin are the dermis with a rich network of blood vessels and nerves, and the epidermis, a protective outer layer without blood vessels. The skin is more than a waterproof jacket for the body. It is an active and versatile organ of sensation and of adaptation to the environment.

3. Connective tissues create the internal framework of the body. The connective tissue system supports and connects internal organs, forms bones and the walls of blood vessels, attaches muscles to bones, and replaces tissues of other types after injury. Fasciae are connective tissue layers that support and surround organs. A layer of fascia is an effective barrier against the spread of infection through the tissues.

4. The spleen is a fibrous sponge full of blood and lymphoid tissue. The ribs and diaphragm generally protect the spleen from injury. It is an important element of the reticulo-endothelial system, a community of cells that engulf and destroy foreign matter, such as bacteria. When micro-organisms and their poisons are circulating in the blood, the spleen generally enlarges.

5. Man has two kidneys, one at each side of the backbone between the thick muscles of the back and the abdomen. The kidney has several functions. It excretes waste material and water. It also helps to regulate the acidity of the body fluids. The discovery of albumin in the urine usually indicates a faulty working of the kid­ neys.

6. Proteins are essential ingredients of all living matter. They make up about 12 per cent of the weight of the human body. A molecule of protein is a chain of several hundred amino-acid molecules. The biological properties of a protein depend on the exact sequence of different amino-acids in the chain (primary structure), their orientation (secondary structure) and the shape of the chain as a whole (tertiary structure). Small differences make for totally different proteins.

7. Water accounts for about 60 per cent of a man's body weight and 50 per cent of a woman's. The difference is due to the average woman's larger proportion of fat, which contains no water. The plasma of the blood contains rather more than 3 litres, and the tissue fluid about 12 litres. Together, these 15 litres make up the extracellular fluid. Although the balance between blood, tissue fluid and cells remain almost constant there is a rapid and continuous exchange of water between them.

Тексты для контрольного перевода (к разделу 1)

1. The liver is a solid organ of dark-brown colour and the largest gland in the human body. It occupies the right-hand upper position of the abdominal cavity. About four-fifths of the organ lies to the right of the middle line of the body. The liver rests upon various abdominal organs, the right kidney and suprarenal gland, the large intestine, the duodenum, and the stomach. Liver tissue consists of thousands of tiny lobules.

The liver has many functions vital to the body. Of the liver's many digestive functions the production of bile and storage of glucose are particularly impor­tant. The bile not only performs important functions in the process of digestion, but also serves as a vehicle for the excretion of waste products from the body. The liver has a double blood supply. The portal vein brings venous blood from the stomach, the intestines, and the spleen. The hepatic artery brings arterial blood. These two bring about 40 ounces (1,200 milliliters) of blood to the liver every minute.

2. The two lungs are a pair of elastic organs of respiration. They supply the body with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide from the blood. The lungs extend from the collarbone to the diaphragm in the thoracic cavity. They normally lie free within the pleural cavities of the thorax except for the attachment by their roots to the trachea and the heart by the bronchi and pulmonary blood vessels respectively. The two lungs are not quite mirror images of each other. The right lung, which is the slightly larger of the two, has three lobes (upper, middle and lower) and the left lung has only two lobes (upper and lower). Air enters each lung through a large tube, or bronchus, which divides and subdivides into a network of countless tubules, bronchioles. These tiny tubules lead to alveoli. The : wall of an alveolus is a single layer of a cell. Alveoli are the sites of gas exchange in the lungs. They form the respiratory surfaces and allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move in and out of the lungs. The spongy mass of the lungs contain some 600,000,000 alveoli. We inspire more than 25,000 times a day and during this time inhale around 16 kg of air.

3. In 1928 a British microbiologist, Frederick Griffith, was trying to develop a vac­ cine against pneumonia. He was working with two different strains of the causative bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. One strain was pathogenic, the other was nonpathogenic. When Griffith injected dead cells of the pathogenic strain of S. pneumoniae into a mouse, the mouse survived, because the dead bacteria were unable to establish an infection in the mouse. However, when he injected a mouse with living cells of the nonpathogenic strain together with dead bacteria (neither of them could cause disease alone) the mouse died. Griffith reasoned that genetic material from the dead bacteria had somehow entered the living nonpathogens and transformed them into the pathogenic bacteria, Griffith had, in fact, observed the movement of hereditary material from one cell to another. The chemical that transmitted the hereditary information, which included , instructions on how to cause infection, leaked from the dead pathogens and entered the living bacteria and caused the transformation of a nonpathogen to a

16

pathogen. Other scientists then began to investigate the specific substance. They were looking for the molecular basis of heredity. However, it remained a puzzle until 1944.

4. Scientific pathology really began in 1761 with the publication of Morgagni's collection of case histories in which doctors related patients' symptoms to disorders of particular organs. Under the influence of scientists, such as Hunter, pathology came to rely more and more on facts and less on philosophical speculations. The flood of pathological discovery in the 19th century came largely from microscopical examination. Pathology has come to deal with smaller and smaller units from a vague concept of the whole person to the study of particular organs, then tissues, then cells, and finally, molecules. Pathologists are now beginning to study disturbances of chemical reactions which determine the processes of disease. In the past, postmortem studies were the only possible way of learning about the nature of disease, and they are still very important for both research and teaching. But they reveal disease at a state where it is beyond the help of medicine. Thus pathologists described in great deal what had gone wrong with a patients's anatomy, but it had little to say about his physiology.

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Health and diseases Переводы к текстам

В топике Здоровье и болезни я рассказываю о том, как важно серьезно относиться к своему здоровью, чтобы прожить полноценную жизнь, не отягощенную болезнями. Самыми вредными привычками я считаю курение и употребление алкоголя. Не такие опасные, но тоже очень вредные привычки – это нерегулярное питание, употребление вредной пищи и переедание, так как все это ведет к ожирению. К счастью, в последнее время приверженцев здорового питания становится все больше, и в магазинах появилось много полезных продуктов, а не только кока-кола, гамбургеры и пицца. Немаловажны и занятия спортом, хотя бы ежедневная утренняя гимнастика. Спорт укрепляет наш организм и повышает сопротивляемость различным болезням. Лично я считаю, что режим дня важен для улучшения здоровья, поэтому я стараюсь спать 8-9 часов, рано встаю и придерживаюсь правил здорового питания.

People nowadays are more health-conscious than they used to be. They understand that good health is above wealth.

To be healthy we should avoid different bad habits that can affect our health. In my opinion, smoking and drinking too much alcohol, are the worst ones. It’s common knowledge that smoking and drinking can shorten our lives dramatically. Smoking, for example, causes a number of heart and lung diseases, such as pneumonia, emphysema and cancer. Besides, it makes your teeth yellow and skin unhealthy. Fortunately, in recent years smoking has received a lot of bad publicity, and fewer people smoke nowadays. Some companies don’t employ people who are smokers. Smoking has been banned in most public places because everyone agrees it does harm to our health. I don’t smoke, because I don’t want to have unhealthy skin and teeth and die young.

Smoking and drinking are joined by less dangerous habits, such as skipping meals, eating unhealthy food, or even overeating. Of course, they are not quite as deadly as smoking or drinking alcohol, but they also affect our health.

If we eat too much, we’ll become obese, and obesity leads to serious health problems. A lot of people like drinking coca cola and coffee, and enjoy pizzas and hamburgers. But what is tasty is not always healthy. Fast food makes you fat, that’s why Americans are the fattest people in the world.

In recent years eating habits have undergone a change. People are encouraged to eat less fat and more fibre. Fat is believed to be one of the major causes of obesity and heart disease. High fibre and low fat foods can now be found in all shops and supermarkets. Salads, beans, and fruit have taken the place of steak and ice cream. The fashion for health food is growing all the time.

To my mind, the only way to stay healthy and to keep fit is by going in for sports. Among the benefits of regular exercise are a healthier heart, stronger bones, quicker reaction times and more resistance to various illnesses. Besides, you can eat and drink as much as you want because you are burning it all off.

To be healthy, it is also very important to spend a lot of time in the open air. It is useful to go for a walk before going to bed, or to air the room.

I think it is very important to be fit and healthy, and it is necessary to take care of your health. Being fat, in fact, can cause real problems. It is harder for fat people to get a good job, or even to make friends. If you want to do well, you must be thin. That’s why I go in for sports on a regular basis. I have been doing aerobics for three years and I feel great. I am not enthusiastic about strict dieting, but I try to eat only low-fat food, and fruit and vegetables which are rich in vitamins.

Personally I believe that regularity in life promotes our health. Sleeping eight or nine hours, getting up early, regular meals, a healthy diet and go.

Прислал: Новикова Ксения . 2017-10-15 17:46:50

english-text.biniko.com

At the chair of infectious diseases

At the chair of infectious diseases

Day by day George and his fellow students acquire more knowledge of medicine.  In the third year they had classes in Therapy and Surgery; in the fourth year they had their classes in Obstetrics.

One of the new subjects studied in the fifth year is Infectious Diseases. This subject is said to be rather difficult, but nevertheless it greatly interests our friends.

At one of the lectures delivered by Professor Osipov, head of the Chair of Infectious Diseases, the students have acquainted themselves with the clinical manifestations of some infectious diseases and their characteristic symptoms. The lecture has been delivered clearly and scientifically. All the students have listened to it with great interest and have taken notes of it carefully.

From this lecture the students have learned that such infectious diseases  as scarlet fever may have a sudden onset; however in others, such as enteric fever, which is now almost altogether stamped out in our country, the onset may be gradual. Prodromal symptoms appear earlier than the characteristic features, and therefore it may be impossible to make a diagnosis in the initial stages of the disease.

A sore throat, a running nose and cough may occur among the most characteristic local symptoms. Many diseases may begin with these symptoms, but a sore throat is particularly characteristic of such diseases as scarlet fever and diphtheria; cough occurs in case of whooping cough or measles.

A rash is a clinical feature of many infectious diseases such as chicken–pox, smallpox. Special attention should be paid to the type of rash, its colour and distribution and whether it is associated with itching or not. All infectious diseases are known to be caused by specific microorganisms which may be revealed by bacteriological test, for example, typhoid bacilli are found in the blood, stools, and sometimes in the urine in enteric fever; meningococci are found in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid in meningitis.

Thanks to the scientific achievements of our medical research work such diseases as the plague, cholera, malaria and others have been stamped out altogether in our country.

The students have learned that only in certain individuals natural immunity to some infectious diseases may exist. An artificial immunity is known to result from prophylactic vaccination, it being carried out against a number of infectious diseases in our country.

During the practical classes in one of the wards of the Infection Clinic George and Nick attended the morning round, made by doctor in charge Sviridov, who treated a very rare case of enteric fever.

Patient Orlov had been admitted to the clinic about six weeks before. His first prodromal symptoms which consisted of the loss of appetite, dull headache and general malaise had occurred about the same time. During the first week the temperature had been rising gradually, then it had been ranging from subfebrile to about 40 degrees, and by the beginning of the second week it had reached its maximum. The pulse had been slow, and a characteristic eruption had appeared on the abdomen. His tongue was coated and the patient complained of thirst. Only during the fourth week the temperature became normal, the tongue cleared, the appetite improved and the strength began to return. However his convalescence was slow. It took the patient three weeks to regain his full strength after the course of proper treatment which consisted of antibiotics, intravenous injections of glucose, heart drugs, a strict diet, and a bed regime.

Doctor Sviridov had a wonderful bedside manner and always encouraged patient Orlov when he was excited. Certainly it also helped patient Orlov to recover. George and Nick were able to note once again, as they had seen in other clinics, that a good bedside manner and and a hearty attitude of the doctor to his patient is an effective remedy. Dr. Sviridov’s attitude to his patient was not an exception, because the majority of doctors always do their best for their patients’ convalenscence.

Перевод

На кафедре инфекционных заболеваний

День за днем Джордж и его однокурсники приобретают больше знаний о медицине. На третьем курсе у них были занятия по терапии и хирургии. На четвертом курсе у них были занятия по окушерству.

Одним из дисциплин, изучаемых на пятом курсе является Инфекционные заболевания. Говорят, что этот предмет довольно сложный, но, тем не менее, очень интересен для наших друзей.

На одной из лекций профессора Осипова, заведующий кафедрой инфекционных болезней, студенты ознакомились с клиническими проявлениями некоторых инфекционных заболеваний и их характерные симптомы. Лекция была очень понятной и подавалась с научной точки зрения. Все студенты слушали его с большим интересом и старательно записывали.

Из этой лекции студенты узнали, что такое инфекционное заболевание, как скарлатина, может начаться внезапно; однако другие, такие как брюшной тиф, который сейчас почти полностью искоренен у нас в стране, может иметь постепенное проявление болезни. Продромальные симптомы появляются раньше, чем характерные признакии, и, следовательно, может быть невозможно поставить диагноз на начальных стадиях заболевания.

Боль в горле, насморк и кашель могут встречаться среди наиболее характерных местных симптомов. Многие болезни могут начинаться с этих симптомов, но боль в горле особенно характерна для таких заболеваний, как скарлатина и дифтерия; кашель возникает в случае коклюша или кори.

Сыпь является клиническим признаком многих инфекционных заболеваний, таких как ветряной оспы, оспы. Особое внимание следует уделять типу сыпи, ее цвету и распределению, и связано ли оно с зудом или нет. Все инфекционные заболевания, как известно, вызваны специфическими микроорганизмами, которые могут быть выявлены с помощью бактериологического теста, например, бациллы тифа находят в крови, стуле, и, иногда в моче при брюшном тифе; менингококков —  в крови и цереброспинальной жидкости при менингите.

Благодаря научным достижениям в нашей медицине, такие заболевания, как чума, холера, малярия и другие были полностью искоренены в нашей стране.

Во время практических занятий в одной из палат инфекционной клиники Джордж и Ник приняли участие в утреннем обходе, сделанным лечащим врачом Свиридовым, который лечил очень редкий случай брюшного тифа.

Пациент Орлов поступил в клинику около шести недель назад. Его первые продромальные симптомы, которые состояли из потеря аппетита, тупой головной боли и общего недомогания появились примерно в то же время. В течение первой недели температура постепенно росла, затем была в пределах от субфебрильной до около 40 градусов, и к началу второй недели она достигла своего максимума. Пульс был замедленным и на животе появилась характерная сыпь. Язык был покрыт налётом и пациент жаловался на жажду. Только в течении четвертой недели температура стала нормальной, язык очистился, улучшился аппетит и начали возвращаться силы. Однако, его выздоровление было медленным. Пациенту потребовалось три недели, чтобы полностью восстановить силы  после курса лечения, который состоял из антибиотиков, внутривенных инъекций глюкозы, сердечных препаратов, строгой диеты и постельного режима.

У доктора Свиридова было замечательное умение подойти к больному и он всегда ободрял пациента Орлова, когда тот волновался. Это определенно также помогло пациенту Орлову поправиться.  Джордж и Ник смогли еще раз отметить, как они уже видели и в других клиниках, что умение найти подход к больному и доброе отношение врача к своему пациенту является эффективным лекарством. Отношение доктора Свиридова своему пациенту не было исключением, потому что большинство врачей всегда делают все возможное для выздоровления своих пациентов.

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ORAL DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

Задание 1. Слушайте и запоминайте следующие слова и словосочетания:

1. periodontal относящийся к периодонту

2. to attack поражать

3. gum десна

4. ligament связка

5. pregnancy беременность

6. filling пломба

7. bridge мост

8. bleeding кровотечение

9. swollen опухший

10. permanent постоянный

11. to become loose расшатываться

12. rapidly быстро

13. adult взрослый

14. mild слабый, умеренный

15. plaque бляшка, налет

16. to irritate раздражать

17. tender болезненный

18. to detach отделять, отсоединяться

19. pocket карман

20. to expose обнажать, оголять

21. susceptible восприимчивый

22. decay налет, гниение

23. sensitive чувствительный

24. touch прикосновение

25. socket гнездо, лунка

26. extraction удаление

27. thorough тщательно

28. scaling снятие зубных отложений

29. planing сглаживание, выравнивание

30. tartar зубные плотные отложения,

зубной камень

31. to restore восстанавливать

32. to smooth шлифовать

33. graft трансплантат

34. splint шина

Задание 2. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Повторяйте за диктором в паузу:

PERIODONTAL DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

Periodontal diseases are caused by bacterial infections that attack gums, ligaments and the bone structure. Poor oral hygiene, smoking or poor diet, some types of drugs, pregnancy, defective fillings and bridges can increase risk of periodontal diseases. The signs of periodontal diseases are:

• easy bleeding from gums;

• swollen and red gums;

• permanent teeth become loose;

• persistent bad breath or bad taste;

• gums pull away from the teeth;

• any changes in the fit of dentures.

There are several kinds of periodontal diseases. Some of them develop slowly and without any pain, while others progress rapidly. These diseases may occur at any age, but for adults they are the main cause of tooth loss.

Gingivitis is a mild periodontal disease, which develops when toxins in plaque irritate the gums, making them red, tender, swollen and easy to bleed.

Periodontitis is a serious periodontal disease. The gums detach from teeth, and pockets are formed. Exposed teeth roots become susceptible to decay and sensitive to cold and touch. If not treated, the affected teeth become loose in their sockets. They may fall out or require extraction by a dentist.

Treatment methods depend on the type of disease and the patient's condition. The first stage usually involves thorough cleaning. Sometimes dentists place antibiotic fibers into periodontal pockets after scaling and planning tooth roots. To restore periodontal health, dentists use different ultrasound instruments to reach areas requiring removal of tartar, which causes chronic infection. Tooth roots are cleaned and smoothed.

Sometimes bone surgery is required. Gums are returned back to their usual position or are placed into a new position. Grafts of the patient's bone or artificial bone may be used, as well as membranes. To stabilize loose teeth dentists often use splints.

Exercises

Задание 1. Ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста:

1. What are periodontal diseases caused by?

2. What factors can increase risk of periodontal diseases?

3. What are the signs of periodontal diseases?

4. Do all kinds of periodontal diseases develop the same way?

5. What is gingivitis?

6. What infringements is periodontitis characterized by?

7. What are treatment methods at periodontitis?

8. When are bone grafts and splints sometimes used?

Задание 2. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим словам и словосочетаниям:

относящийся к периодонту, бактериальная инфекция, десны, костная структура, плохая гигиена полости рта, плохое питание, пломбы и мосты с дефектом, кровотечение, опухший, дурной запах изо рта, дурной привкус, частичные протезы, быстро прогрессировать, в любом возрасте, основная причина, потеря зуба, гингивит, бляшка, раздражать десны, болезненный.

Задание 3. Составьте общий и специальный вопросы к следующим предложениям. Переведите их на русский язык:

1. Periodontal diseases are caused by bacterial infections.

2. Easy bleeding from gums is one of the signs of periodontal disease.

3. Some of periodontal diseases develop slowly and without any pain.

4. The gums detach from teeth.

5. Exposed teeth roots become susceptible to decay and sensitive to cold and touch.

6. The first stage usually involves thorough cleaning.

7. Sometimes bone surgery is required.

8. Dentists often use splints to stabilize loose teeth.

Текст на аудирование

Задание 1. Слушайте и запоминайте следующие слова и словосочетания:

1. caries кариес

2. widespread широко распространенный

3. demineralization деминерализация

4. enamel эмаль

5. to approach приближаться

6. inflammation воспаление

7. periapical периапикальный

8. density плотность

9. medication медикаментозное лечение

10. filling пломбирование

11. fluorine фтор

12. restriction ограничение

13. sugar intake употребление сахара

14. oral hygiene гигиена полости рта

15. immediately немедленно

Задание 2. Прослушайте текст. Постарайтесь понять его содержание:

DENTAL CARIES

Dental caries is a widespread disease. Caries is caused by microorganisms and is characterized by demineralization of the mineral part of enamel. When the disease approaches the pulp it may cause inflammation and death of the pulp. The infected pulp causes changes in the periapical tissues.

The objective signs of caries are: hard tooth tissues changes in colour and density, and development of defects. Carious process may progress rapidly or slowly due to the general state of the organism.

Dental caries is treated by tooth preparation, medication and filling. The pathologic changed tissues are removed surgically. Anatomic form and function of the tooth is restored by filling.

The dentists must pay much attention to the fluorine prophylaxis, restriction of sugar intake, a balanced diet, thorough oral hygiene, and cleaning the teeth immediately after meals.

Задание 3. Передайте краткое содержание прослушанного текста на русском языке.

Задание 4. Ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста:

1. What is caries caused by?

2. What is caries characterized by?

3. What are the objective signs of caries?

4. Does carious process develop rapidly or slowly?

5. What are treatment methods of dental caries?

6. What preventive factors must the dentists pay much attention to?

Задание 5. Передайте содержание текста на английском языке.

Dialogues

Задание 1. Слушайте и запоминайте следующие слова и словосочетания:

1. cavity полость

2. sensitive чувствительный

3. heat тепло

4. to get loose расшататься

5. ache боль

6. checkup проверка, осмотр

7. to restore восстанавливать

8. temporary временный

9. to spread распространяться

Задание 2. Прослушайте диалог:

At the Dentist's

Dentist:What's wrong, David?

Patient: Ihave a toothache. It's a lower tooth on the right.

D.: Is there a cavity?

P.: I don't think so. It is sensitive to heat and cold; besides I can t sleep at night.

D.: Let me have a look at it. There is a filling here, but I am afraid it has got loose. When did the ache appear?

P.: Two weeks ago.

D.: You should have come for a checkup long ago. You'd better have it X-rayed.

(The dentist has the tooth X-rayed and then examines the picture).

D.: I am afraid I'll have to fill the root canal.

P.: Is it possible to restore the tooth?

D.: Yes, I'll clean the root canal and put a temporary filling because the inflammatory process has spread on the surrounding tissues. You'll come to me again tomorrow.

Задание 3. Вставьте пропущенные реплики. Воспроизведите диалог:

a) Dentist:Sit down, please. What's wrong?

Patient:...

D.:Is there a cavity?

P.:...

D.: Let me have a look at it. When did the ache appear?

P.:...

D.: You'd better have it X-rayed.

b) D.: I'm afraid I'll have to fill the root canal.

P.:...

D.: Yes, I'll clean the root canal and put a temporary filling.

c) P.: Good morning, doctor.

D.:...

P.: For some days I have been having a pain in my tongue. I fractured one of my teeth. It causes a terrible pain.

D.:...

Задание 4. Переведите реплики на английский язык. Воспроизведите диалог:

Nick: Проходи, Петр. Рад тебя видеть. С тобой что-то случилось? Ты очень бледен.

Peter:Ihaven't had an accident, but I have had a dreadful time.

N.: Ты болен?

P.: I have just come from the dental surgery.

N.: У тебя болит зуб?

P.: I woke up in the night with violent toothache. In the morning I rang up the dentist. I saw him in the afternoon and he gave me a temporary filling. But the tooth has been aching. It hurts dreadfully.

N.: He лучше ли его удалить?

P.: Yes, perhaps, but the dentist says that it is the last alternative in the treatment.

ЗАДАНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ

1. Выполните лабораторную работу по теме в лингафонном кабинете.

2. Выучите новые слова и выражения по теме.

3. Переведите тексты темы на русский язык.

4. Составьте план пересказа темы на русском языке (используйте графологическую структуру к теме).

5. Подготовьте пересказ и диалог по теме на английском языке.

БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

1. Смирнов Ю.А. 55 устных тем по английскому языку. Изд-во АСТ Астрель. Владимир 2009.

2. Мухортов Д.С. Учебное пособие по английскому языку повседневного общения. ООО «Ленад» Москва, 2008.

3. Дудорова Э.С. Практический курс разговорного английского языка. Изд-во «Союз» Санкт-Петербург, 2008.

4. Радовель В.А. Разговорный английский. Изд-во «Феникс» Ростов-на-Дону, 2010.

5. Маслова А.М. Учебник английского языка для студентов медицинских вузов. Москва «Лист Нью», 2003.

6. Мухина В.В. Английский язык для студентов-стоматологов. Москва АСТ-Астрель, 2003.

7. Хведченя Л.В. Базовый курс. Английский язык. Минск : ООО «Современная школа» 2009.

8. Парахина А.В., Базилевич В.Г. Познакомьтесь – Великобритания и США: Пособие по обучению чтению на английском языке: Учеб. пособие для сред. спец. учеб. заведений. – М.: Высш. шк., 1988.

9. Каверина В., Бойко В., Жидких Н. 100 тем английского устного. – Москва: ЗАО «БАО-ПРЕСС», 2000.

10. Рыжков В.Д. Разговорный английский язык в бытовых и деловых ситуациях/ Под ред. Е.М. Емельяновой. – Калининград: Янтар. сказ, 2002.

11. 1000 устных тем по английскому языку: Учебное пособие. – М., «Родин и К°» «Издательство Астрель», 2000.

12. Романова Л.И. Английская лексика в текстах. – 2-е изд. – М.: Айрис-пресс, 2004.

13. Гичева Н.Г., Дворжец О.С., Черкашина Л.П. 1200 тестов по английскому языку – 2-е изд. – М.: Айрис-пресс, 2004.

14. Занина Е.Л. 95 устных тем по английскому языку. – 9-е изд. – М.: Айрис-пресс, 2008.

15. Бережная О.А. 300 современных тем по английскому языку / О.А. Бережная. – Изд. 3-е. – Ростов н/Д: Феникс; Донецк: ООО ПКФ БАО, 2008.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

ПРАКТИКУМ

infopedia.su

The Causes of Heart Diseas

Heart disease affects so many people that it has become a serious concern for medical science. The heart is a complex organ that is vulnerable to hereditary as well as environmental risks. Scientists identified a number of risk factors associated with heart disease. They grouped these risk factors into major and minor causes.Major causes are those that have been proven to increase your risk of heart disease. One of the major risk factors is high blood pressure. High blood pressure increases your risk of heart disease, heart attack, and stroke because the heart to work too hard and can damage arteries. Another major cause is high blood cholesterol levels. It is so dangerous because fatty deposits build up in blood vessels and make at greater risk of having a heart attack. Extra cholesterol enters the human body when they eat foods that come from animals (meats, eggs, and dairy products). The leading cause in this group is diabetes. The American Heart Association estimates that 65% of patients with diabetes die of some form of heart disease.Minor causes are those that some doctor think can lead to an increased risk of heart disease, but their exact role has not been defined. The leader in this group is obesity. Extra weight and poor diet increases chances of developing other risk factors for heart disease, especially high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and diabetes. Next cause is having a sedentary lifestyle. Cubicle and home life on the couch is not conducive to health. Exercise burns calories, helps to control cholesterol levels and diabetes, and may lower blood pressure. Exercise also strengthens the heart muscle and makes the arteries more flexible. And third cause is having a Type A personality. It means the person becoming easily stressed, being overly competitive, aggressive, and intense. Stressful situations raise heart rate and blood pressure.It is never too late or too early begins improving heart health. Some risk factors can be controlled, while others cannot. But, by eliminating risk factors that can change and by properly managing those that cannot control, may greatly reduce risk of heart disease.

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