ПОМОГИТЕ ПЕРЕВЕСТИ ТЕКСТ!!!! ОЧЕНЬ СРОЧНО НАДО!!! Almost everything we do is governed by some set of rules. There are rules for games, for social clubs, for sports and for adults in the workplace. There are also rules imposed by morality and custom that play an important role in telling us what we should and should not do. However, some rules -- those made by the state or the courts -- are called "laws". Laws resemble morality because they are designed to control or alter our behavior. But unlike rules of morality, laws are enforced by the courts; if you break a law -- whether you like that law or not -- you may be forced to pay a fine, pay damages, or go to prison. Why are some rules so special that they are made into laws? Why do we need rules that everyone must obey? In short, what is the purpose of law? If we did not live in a structured society with other people, laws would not be necessary. We would simply do as we please, with little regard for others. But ever since individuals began to associate with other people -- to live in society --laws have been the glue that has kept society together. For example, the law in our country states that we must drive our cars on the right-hand side of a two-way street. If people were allowed to choose at random which side of the street to drive on, driving would be dangerous and chaotic. Laws regulating our business affairs help to ensure that people keep their promises. Laws against criminal conduct help to safeguard our personal property and our lives. Even in a well-ordered society, people have disagreements and conflicts arise. The law must provide a way to resolve these disputes peacefully. If two people claim to own the same piece of property, we do not want the matter settled by a duel: we turn to the law and to institutions like the courts to decide who is the real owner and to make sure that the real owner's rights are respected. We need law, then, to ensure a safe and peaceful society in which individuals' rights are respected. But we expect even more from our law. Some totalitarian governments have cruel and arbitrary laws, enforced by police forces free to arrest and punish people without trial. Strong-arm tactics may provide a great deal of order, but we reject this form of control. The legal system should respect individual rights while, at the same time, ensuring that society operates in an orderly manner. And society should believe in the Rule of Law, which means that the law applies to every person, including members of the police and other public officials, who must carry out their public duties in accordance with the law. In our society, laws are not only designed to govern our conduct: they are also intended to give effect to social policies. For example, some laws provide for benefits when workers are injured on the job, for health care, as well as for loans to students who otherwise might not be able to go to university. Another goal of the law is fairness. This means that the law should recognize and protect certain basic individual rights and freedoms, such as liberty and equality. The law also serves to ensure that strong groups and individuals do not use their powerful positions in society to take unfair advantage of weaker individuals. However, despite the best intentions, laws are sometimes created that people later recognize as being unjust or unfair. In a democratic society, laws are not carved in stone, but must reflect the changing needs of society. In a democracy, anyone who feels that a particular law is flawed has the right to speak out publicly and to seek to change the law by lawful means. Why do we need law перевод

ПОМОГИТЕ ПЕРЕВЕСТИ ТЕКСТ!!!! ОЧЕНЬ СРОЧНО НАДО!!! Almost...

Почти всё, что мы делаем регулируется некоторым набором правил. Есть правила для игры, для клубов, для спортивных и для взрослых на рабочем месте. Существуют также правила, навязанные морали и обычаев, которые играют важную роль и говорят нам, что мы должны и не должны делать. Тем не менее, некоторые правила-те, которые сделаны на государство или суды -- называются "законы". Законы похожи на мораль, потому что они предназначены для контроля или изменять наше поведение. Но в отличие от норм морали, законов судами; если вы нарушаете закон, нравится вам этот закон или нет-вы можете быть вынуждены заплатить штраф, возместить ущерб, или отправиться в тюрьму.Почему некоторые правила такого особенного, что они являются законами? Зачем нужны правила, которым все должны подчиняться? Короче, какова цель закона?Если мы не живем в структурированном обществе с другими людьми, законы не потребуются. Мы просто делаем, как нам заблагорассудится, не считаясь с другими. Но с тех пор людей начали ассоциировать с другими людьми, жить в обществе --законы были клей, который сохранил общества. Например, закон в нашей стране гласит, что мы должны ездить наши автомобили на правой стороне улица с двусторонним движением. Если людям было позволено выбрать наугад какой стороне улицы, чтобы ехать дальше, за рулем может быть опасным и хаотичным. Законы, регулирующие нашими делами способствовать тому, что люди держат свои обещания. Законы против преступного поведения помогают охранять нашу личную собственность и наши жизни.Даже в хорошо организованном обществе, люди имеют разногласия и конфликты возникают. Закон должен обеспечить способ разрешить эти споры мирным путем. Если два человека заявят, что права на тот же участок, мы не хотим, чтобы вопрос решен поединком: обратимся к закону и институтов, таких как суды, чтобы решить, кто является реальным владельцем и убедиться, что реального владельца прав.Нам нужен закон, тогда, для обеспечения безопасного и мирного общества, в котором права человека уважаются. Но мы ожидаем еще больше от нашего закона. Некоторые тоталитарные правительства жестокими и произвольными законами, действие полиции бесплатно арестовывать и наказывать людей без суда и следствия. Тактика "сильной руки" может предоставить большой заказ, но мы отвергаем эту форму контроля. Правовая система должна обеспечить соблюдение прав личности и в то же время, гарантируя, что общество функционирует упорядоченным образом. И общество должно верить в верховенство Закона означает, что закон распространяется на каждого человека, включая сотрудников полиции и других государственных должностных лиц, которые должны выполнять свои общественные обязанности в соответствии с законом.В нашем обществе, законы не только регулируют наше поведение: они также предназначены для осуществления социальной политики. Например, некоторые законы предусматривают льготы для работников, получивших травмы на работе, для здравоохранения, а также по кредитам для студентов, которые иначе не могли поступить в университет.Другой целью закона является справедливость. Это означает, что закон должен признавать и защищать определенные базовые индивидуальные права и свободы, такие как свобода и равенство. Закон также служит, чтобы гарантировать, что сильные группы и индивидуумы не используют свои мощные позиции в обществе, получить преимущество от более слабых особей.Однако, несмотря на благие намерения, законы иногда создается, что люди считают несправедливым или несправедливым. В демократическом обществе, законы не высечены в камне, но должны отражать изменяющиеся потребности общества. При демократии, кто чувствует, что конкретный закон является несовершенным, имеет право высказываться публично и стремиться изменить закон законными средствами.

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Unit 2. WHY DO WE NEED THE LAW? — Мегаобучалка

Кафедра иностранных языков и перевода

Г.Р. Чумарина

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ В СФЕРЕ ЮРИСПРУДЕНЦИИ

Углубленный уровень

ДЛЯ МАГИСТРОВ

Казань – 2014

УДК

ББК

Печатается по решению секции языковых дисциплин

учебно-методического совета

Института экономики, управления и права (г. Казань)

Чумарина Г.Р.

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ В СФЕРЕ РИСПРУДЕНЦИИ. Углубленный уровень ДЛЯ МАГИСТРОВ

/ Г.Р. Чумарина – Казань: Изд-во «Познание» Института экономики, управления и права (г. Казань), 2014. – с.

Обсуждено и одобрено на заседании кафедры иностранных языков и перевода.

Представленное учебное пособие предлагается для дисциплин «Иностранный язык» и «Иностранный язык в профессиональной сфере» и является сборником разнообразных учебных текстов на английском языке по основам специальности. В нем также представлен обширный теоретический и практический материал по грамматике английского языка, тестовые задания для проверки и закрепления профессиональной лексики. Учебное пособие также дополнено материалами по страноведению и культурологии. Учебное пособие может быть использовано для самостоятельной внеаудиторной работы студентов, а также в образовательных системах открытого образования и дистанционного обучения.

Рекомендовано для подготовки магистров направления

«Юриспруденция».

 Институт экономики,

управления и права (г. Казань), 2014

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

PART 1. LAW AND LEGAL PROFESSIONS

1. UNIT 1. Introduction to Law
2. UNIT 2 Why do we need law?
3. UNIT 3 Law and Society
4. UNIT 4 Legal professions
5. UNIT 5 Legal skills
6. UNIT 6 Applying for a job
7. GLOSSARY

PART 2. LEGISLATION AND CONSTITUTION

UNIT 1. Legislation in Russia

UNIT 2. Law-making procedure in the USA

UNIT 3. The United Kingdom legislation

UNIT 4. The Constitution of the Russian Federation

UNIT 5. Constitutions of the USA and the UK

UNIT 6. E-MAIL IN ENGLISH

GLOSSARY

Краткий грамматический справочник

PART 1. LAW AND LEGAL PROFESSIONS

Unit 1. INTRODUCTION TO LAW

1. Ответьте на вопросы, начиная ответ с одного из выражений, данных в рамке.

In my opinion - по моему мнению; I cant make up my mind, but - не могу принять решение, но; I am keeping an open mind for the moment - пока у меня нет никакого мнения на этот счет; Im (not) sure that - я (не) уверен, что; Firstly, (secondly) - во-первых, (во-вторых) Finally - наконец

1. Can we live without laws?
2. Why do we need the law?
3. What spheres of life are regulated by law?
4. Must people obey laws?
5. What rules of behavior are accepted in the society?
6. Do you share the idea that people should look only after themselves and take no care about others?
7. What rules do you obey willingly?
8. What rules would you abolish if you could?
9. Do laws limit your personal freedom?
10. Must all people study law at school?
11. Do you feel that laws protect you?
12. What law would you suggest if you were a Member of Parliament?

2. Прочитайте и выучите идиоматические выражения со словом «law». Составьте предложения с каждым из них. (Идиомы - это устойчивые по составу и структуре лексически неделимые и целостные по значению словосочетания или предложения, выполняющие функцию словарной единицы).

1. law and order - правопорядок
2. the law of the jungle - закон джунглей
3. to lay down the law- a) устанавливать правовые нормы, формулировать закон; б) говорить безапелляционным тоном, не допускать возражений
4. Necessity knows no law - нужда не знает закона.
5. to make laws - издавать, принимать законы
6. to repeal laws - отменять законы
7. to break laws - нарушать законы
8. to obey laws - соблюдать законы
9. to enforce laws - обеспечить (принудительно) исполнение закона
10. to apply laws - применять законы
11. to be against the law - быть противозаконным
12. to study law - изучать право
13. to amend the law - вносить поправки в закон

3. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу глаголами из упражнения 2

1. The State Duma of the Russian Federation ____ laws.
2. The government ___ laws and ___ them if they are bad.
3. The police ___ laws.
4. Courts and judges ___ laws.
5. Law-abiding people ___ laws.
6. Criminals ___ laws.
7. The students of universities ___ law.

Unit 2. WHY DO WE NEED THE LAW?

LANGUAGE IN USE

Повторение грамматики: система времен английских глаголов в активном залоге

1. Прочитайте

а) 1-ю форму глагола

б) 2-ю форму глагола

в) 3-ю форму глагола.

made, make, begun, begin, began, was, is, been, were, being, drive, driven, driving, drove, kept, keep, arisen, arise, arose, dealt, deal, dealing, have, had, has, protected, protect, taken, take, took, feel, felt, flaw, flawed, spoken, spoke, speak, seek, sought, choose, chosen, chose.

2. Прочитайте формы сказуемого, которые переводятся на русский язык а) настоящим временем б) прошедшим временем в) будущим временем.

will begin, have protected, is speaking, had taken, made, seek to do, shall have, are driving, has felt, were keeping, ensured, is going to take, will be necessary, deals with, am doing, flaws, was regulating, had chosen, have resolved, are arising, are going to do, will settle, drive, keeps, are applying, rejected, shall respect, imposed.

3. Выберите правильную форму глагола.

1. Students (are studying, study) law at the University. 2. He already (graduated, has graduated) from the university. 3, Last year he (graduated, has graduated) from the university. 4. The police (didnt find, havent found) the killer yet. 5. For about 10 years legislators (discussed, have been discussing) the bill. 6. Every year the State Duma of the RF (is passing, passes) a lot of laws. 7. In 1992 our country (ratified, had ratified) the treaty. 8. Lawyers (came, have come) to the agreement by the end of the present session. 9. You (are looking, look) very thoughtful. What (do you think, are you thinking) about? - I (think, am thinking) about retirement. - But you are only 25. You only just (started, have started) your career. - I (know, am knowing), but I (read, have read) an article which (says, is saying) that a sensible man (started, starts) thinking about retirement at 25.

4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова, которые выступают в разных функциях в предложении.

Тысячи английских слов свободно используются в функциях нескольких частей речи. Наиболее широко распространена способность выступать в двух функциях у существительного и глагола, например: state - государство, состояние и заявлять, излагать, judge - судья и судить, claim - требование, судебный иск и претендовать, заявлять, force- сила и заставлять,rule - правило, норма и управлять, постановлять. Правильный первый шаг к пониманию смысла английского высказывания - не поиск в словаре русских соответствий английским словам, а определение грамматической роли слова в предложении. К пониманию смысла английского высказывания можно прийти лишь после того, как выявлена его грамматическая структура, при этом необходимо руководствоваться формальными показателями слова и твердым порядком слов в английском предложении.

1. A judge is a court officer authorized to decide legal cases. But who are they to judge us? ”justify". Almost everything we do is governed by some set of rules. There are rules for games, for social clubs, for sports and for adults in the workplace. There are also rules imposed by morality and custom that play an important role in telling us what we should and should not do. However, some rules -- those made by the state or the courts -- are called "laws". Laws resemble morality because they are designed to control or alter our behavior. But unlike rules of morality, laws are enforced by the courts; if you break a law -- whether you like that law or not -- you may be forced to pay a fine, pay damages, or go to prison. There are some rules so special that they are made into laws? Why do we need rules that everyone must obey? In short, what is the purpose of law? We did not live in a structured society with other people, laws would not be necessary. We would simply do as we please, with little regard for others. But ever since individuals began to associate with other people -- to live in society --laws have been the glue that has kept society together. For example, the law in our country states that we must drive our cars on the right-hand side of a two-way street. If people were allowed to choose at random which side of the street to drive on, driving would be dangerous and chaotic. Laws regulating our business affairs help to ensure that people keep their promises. Laws against criminal conduct help to safeguard our personal property and our lives In a well-ordered society, people have disagreements and conflicts arise. The law must provide a way to resolve these disputes peacefully. If two people claim to own the same piece of property, we do not want the matter settled by a duel: we turn to the law and to institutions like the courts to decide who is the real owner and to make sure that the real owner's rights are respected. Need law, then, to ensure a safe and peaceful society in which individuals' rights are respected. But we expect even more from our law. Some totalitarian governments have cruel and arbitrary laws, enforced by police forces free to arrest and punish people without trial. Strong-arm tactics may provide a great deal of order, but we reject this form of control. The legal system should respect individual rights while, at the same time, ensuring that society operates in an orderly manner. And society should believe in the Rule of Law, which means that the law applies to every person, including members of the police and other public officials, who must carry out their public duties in accordance with the law. Our society, laws are not only designed to govern our conduct: they are also intended to give effect to social policies. For example, some laws provide for benefits when workers are injured on the job, for health care, as well as for loans to students who otherwise might not be able to go to university. Goal of the law is fairness. This means that the law should recognize and protect certain basic individual rights and freedoms, such as liberty and equality. The law also serves to ensure that strong groups and individuals do not use their powerful positions in society to take unfair advantage of weaker individuals., despite the best intentions, laws are sometimes created that people later recognize as being unjust or unfair. In a democratic society, laws are not carved in stone, but must reflect the changing needs of society. In a democracy, anyone who feels that a particular law is flawed has the right to speak out publicly and to seek to change the law by lawful means.

5. Подберите к английским словосочетаниям из текста русские эквиваленты

1. (the purpose of law) уважать права отдельного человека2. to live in society b) отражать изменяющиеся потребности общества3. to choose at randomc) иметь разногласия и конфликты4. to safeguard our personal property and our lives.d) верить в верховенство закона5. to have disagreements and conflictse) защищать основные права и свободы6. to resolve disputes peacefullyf) назначение (цель) права7. to turn to the lawg) иметь право открыто высказать свое мнение8. to respect individual rightsh) жить в обществе9. to arrest and punish people without triali) выбирать что-либо наугад10. to believe in the Rule of Lawj) стремиться изменить закон мирными средствами11. in accordance with the lawk) арестовывать и наказывать людей без суда и следствия12. to protect basic individual rights and freedomsl) охранять нашу собственность и жизнь13. to reflect the changing needs of societym) в соответствии с законом14. to have the right to speak out publiclyn) обращаться к закону15. to seek to change the law by lawful meanso) разрешать споры мирными средствами

6. Закончите предложения в соответствии с текстом.

1. Almost everything we do is governed by) rules imposed by morality) the courts) some set of rules

2. If we didnt live in a structured society with other people ) we would simply do as we please) we would simply do with little regard for others) laws would not be necessary

3. Laws against criminal conduct help) to protect our property) to take advantage of other individuals) to safeguard our personal property and our lives.

4. We turn to the law) to resolve the dispute peacefully) to decide who is the real owner) to force people keep their promises

5. Another goal of the law is) to protect certain basic individual rights and freedoms) fairness) to provide for benefits.

7. Замените русские слова в скобках английскими эквивалентами из текста

The aim of (права) is to regulate the conduct of human beings in society. The aim of (правовой) theory is (рассмотреть) the nature, origin and classification of law. The theory of natural law is based on the belief that there is a set of perfect (юридических норм) for human conduct and (законы) devised by men must be induced by these rules. (Закон) is a term which is used in many different senses. To (юриста) law has far narrower meaning - the principle recognized and applied by the state in (суде). The English (правовая система) has still been copied by many nations. (Судебный процесс) becomes the center of a contest between both parties in which one emerges the winner. By the time of (судебного разбирательства) each (сторона дела) should gain as much information as possible.

8. Соотнесите английские предложения в правой колонке с соответствующими русскими предложениями из левой колонки. Закрывая попеременно колонки, проверьте друг у друга перевод предложений.

9. Ответьте на вопросы

1.What kind of society do we live in?

2.What is the society governed by?

3.What is the difference between laws and rules of morality?

4.Why do rules of morality and custom play an important role in our life?

5.Why are laws designed to control our behavior?

6.What are the goals of law?

7.When do people turn to law?

8.Why do we need the law?

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  Almost everything we do is governed by some set of rules. There are rules for games, for social clubs, for sports and for adults in the workplace. There are also rules imposed by morality and custom that play an important role in telling us what we should and should not do. However, some rules – those made by the state or the courts – are called “laws”. Laws resemble morality because they are designed to control or alter our behaviour. But unlike rules of morality, laws are enforced by the courts; if you break a law – whether you like that law or not – you may be forced to pay a fine, pay damages, or go to prison.

  Why are some rules so special that they are made into laws? Why do we need rules that everyone must obey? In short, what is the purpose of law?

  If we did not live in a structured society with other people, laws would not be necessary. We would simply do as we please, with little regard for others. But ever since individuals began to associate with other people – to live in society – laws have been the glue that has kept society together. For example, the law in our country states that we must drive our cars on the right-hand side of a two-way street. If people were allowed to choose at random which side of the street to drive on, driving would be dangerous and chaotic. Laws regulating our business affairs help to ensure that people keep their promises. Laws against criminal conduct help to safeguard our personal property and our lives.

  Even in a well-ordered society, people have disagreements and conflicts arise. The law must provide a way to resolve these disputes peacefully. If two people claim to own the same piece of property, we do not want the matter settled by a duel˸ we turn to the law and to institutions like the courts to decide who is the real owner and to make sure that the real owner's rights are respected.

  We need law, then, to ensure a safe and peaceful society in which individuals’ rights are respected. But we expect even more from our law. Some totalitarian governments have cruel and arbitrary laws, enforced by police forces free to arrest and punish people without trial. Strong-arm tactics may provide a great deal of order, but we reject this form of control. The legal system should respect individual rights while, at the same time, ensuring that society operates in an orderly manner. And society should believe in the Rule of Law, which means that the law applies to every person, including members of the police and other public officials, who must carry out their public duties in accordance with the law.

  Прочитайте и переведите текст. - понятие и виды. Классификация и особенности категории "Прочитайте и переведите текст." 2014, 2015-2016.

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ПОМОГИТЕ ПЕРЕВЕСТИ ТЕКСТ!!!! ОЧЕНЬ СРОЧНО НАДО!!! Almost everything we do is governed by some set of rules. The

ПОМОГИТЕ ПЕРЕВЕСТИ ТЕКСТ!!!! ОЧЕНЬ СРОЧНО НАДО!!! Almost everything we do is governed by some set of rules. There are rules for games, for social clubs, for sports and for adults in the workplace. There are also rules imposed by morality and custom that play an important role in telling us what we should and should not do. However, some rules -- those made by the state or the courts -- are called "laws". Laws resemble morality because they are designed to control or alter our behavior. But unlike rules of morality, laws are enforced by the courts; if you break a law -- whether you like that law or not -- you may be forced to pay a fine, pay damages, or go to prison. Why are some rules so special that they are made into laws? Why do we need rules that everyone must obey? In short, what is the purpose of law? If we did not live in a structured society with other people, laws would not be necessary. We would simply do as we please, with little regard for others. But ever since individuals began to associate with other people -- to live in society --laws have been the glue that has kept society together. For example, the law in our country states that we must drive our cars on the right-hand side of a two-way street. If people were allowed to choose at random which side of the street to drive on, driving would be dangerous and chaotic. Laws regulating our business affairs help to ensure that people keep their promises. Laws against criminal conduct help to safeguard our personal property and our lives. Even in a well-ordered society, people have disagreements and conflicts arise. The law must provide a way to resolve these disputes peacefully. If two people claim to own the same piece of property, we do not want the matter settled by a duel: we turn to the law and to institutions like the courts to decide who is the real owner and to make sure that the real owner's rights are respected. We need law, then, to ensure a safe and peaceful society in which individuals' rights are respected. But we expect even more from our law. Some totalitarian governments have cruel and arbitrary laws, enforced by police forces free to arrest and punish people without trial. Strong-arm tactics may provide a great deal of order, but we reject this form of control. The legal system should respect individual rights while, at the same time, ensuring that society operates in an orderly manner. And society should believe in the Rule of Law, which means that the law applies to every person, including members of the police and other public officials, who must carry out their public duties in accordance with the law. In our society, laws are not only designed to govern our conduct: they are also intended to give effect to social policies. For example, some laws provide for benefits when workers are injured on the job, for health care, as well as for loans to students who otherwise might not be able to go to university. Another goal of the law is fairness. This means that the law should recognize and protect certain basic individual rights and freedoms, such as liberty and equality. The law also serves to ensure that strong groups and individuals do not use their powerful positions in society to take unfair advantage of weaker individuals. However, despite the best intentions, laws are sometimes created that people later recognize as being unjust or unfair. In a democratic society, laws are not carved in stone, but must reflect the changing needs of society. In a democracy, anyone who feels that a particular law is flawed has the right to speak out publicly and to seek to change the law by lawful means.

Ответы:

Почти всё, что мы делаем регулируется некоторым набором правил. Есть правила для игры, для клубов, для спортивных и для взрослых на рабочем месте. Существуют также правила, навязанные морали и обычаев, которые играют важную роль и говорят нам, что мы должны и не должны делать. Тем не менее, некоторые правила-те, которые сделаны на государство или суды -- называются "законы". Законы похожи на мораль, потому что они предназначены для контроля или изменять наше поведение. Но в отличие от норм морали, законов судами; если вы нарушаете закон, нравится вам этот закон или нет-вы можете быть вынуждены заплатить штраф, возместить ущерб, или отправиться в тюрьму.Почему некоторые правила такого особенного, что они являются законами? Зачем нужны правила, которым все должны подчиняться? Короче, какова цель закона?Если мы не живем в структурированном обществе с другими людьми, законы не потребуются. Мы просто делаем, как нам заблагорассудится, не считаясь с другими. Но с тех пор людей начали ассоциировать с другими людьми, жить в обществе --законы были клей, который сохранил общества. Например, закон в нашей стране гласит, что мы должны ездить наши автомобили на правой стороне улица с двусторонним движением. Если людям было позволено выбрать наугад какой стороне улицы, чтобы ехать дальше, за рулем может быть опасным и хаотичным. Законы, регулирующие нашими делами способствовать тому, что люди держат свои обещания. Законы против преступного поведения помогают охранять нашу личную собственность и наши жизни.Даже в хорошо организованном обществе, люди имеют разногласия и конфликты возникают. Закон должен обеспечить способ разрешить эти споры мирным путем. Если два человека заявят, что права на тот же участок, мы не хотим, чтобы вопрос решен поединком: обратимся к закону и институтов, таких как суды, чтобы решить, кто является реальным владельцем и убедиться, что реального владельца прав.Нам нужен закон, тогда, для обеспечения безопасного и мирного общества, в котором права человека уважаются. Но мы ожидаем еще больше от нашего закона. Некоторые тоталитарные правительства жестокими и произвольными законами, действие полиции бесплатно арестовывать и наказывать людей без суда и следствия. Тактика "сильной руки" может предоставить большой заказ, но мы отвергаем эту форму контроля. Правовая система должна обеспечить соблюдение прав личности и в то же время, гарантируя, что общество функционирует упорядоченным образом. И общество должно верить в верховенство Закона означает, что закон распространяется на каждого человека, включая сотрудников полиции и других государственных должностных лиц, которые должны выполнять свои общественные обязанности в соответствии с законом.В нашем обществе, законы не только регулируют наше поведение: они также предназначены для осуществления социальной политики. Например, некоторые законы предусматривают льготы для работников, получивших травмы на работе, для здравоохранения, а также по кредитам для студентов, которые иначе не могли поступить в университет.Другой целью закона является справедливость. Это означает, что закон должен признавать и защищать определенные базовые индивидуальные права и свободы, такие как свобода и равенство. Закон также служит, чтобы гарантировать, что сильные группы и индивидуумы не используют свои мощные позиции в обществе, получить преимущество от более слабых особей.Однако, несмотря на благие намерения, законы иногда создается, что люди считают несправедливым или несправедливым. В демократическом обществе, законы не высечены в камне, но должны отражать изменяющиеся потребности общества. При демократии, кто чувствует, что конкретный закон является несовершенным, имеет право высказываться публично и стремиться изменить закон законными средствами.

cwetochki.ru

7. Прочитайте и переведите текст (со словарем).

TEXT 1

WHY DO WE NEED THE LAW?

Almost everything we do is governed by some set of rules. There are rules for games, for social clubs, for sports and for adults in the workplace. There are also rules imposed by morality and custom that play an important role in telling us what we should and should not do. However, some rules -- those made by the state or the courts -- are called "laws". Laws resemble morality because they are designed to control or alter our behavior. But unlike rules of morality, laws are enforced by the courts; if you break a law -- whether you like that law or not -- you may be forced to pay a fine, pay damages, or go to prison.

Why are some rules so special that they are made into laws? Why do we need rules that everyone must obey? In short, what is the purpose of law?

If we did not live in a structured society with other people, laws would not be necessary. We would simply do as we please, with little regard for others. But ever since individuals began to associate with other people -- to live in society --laws have been the glue that has kept society together. For example, the law in our country states that we must drive our cars on the right-hand side of a two-way street. If people were allowed to choose at random which side of the street to drive on, driving would be dangerous and chaotic. Laws regulating our business affairs help to ensure that people keep their promises. Laws against criminal conduct help to safeguard our personal property and our lives.

Even in a well-ordered society, people have disagreements and conflicts arise. The law must provide a way to resolve these disputes peacefully. If two people claim to own the same piece of property, we do not want the matter settled by a duel: we turn to the law and to institutions like the courts to decide who is the real owner and to make sure that the real owner's rights are respected.

We need law, then, to ensure a safe and peaceful society in which individuals' rights are respected. But we expect even more from our law. Some totalitarian governments have cruel and arbitrary laws, enforced by police forces free to arrest and punish people without trial. Strong-arm tactics may provide a great deal of order, but we reject this form of control. The legal system should respect individual rights while, at the same time, ensuring that society operates in an orderly manner. And society should believe in the Rule of Law, which means that the law applies to every person, including members of the police and other public officials, who must carry out their public duties in accordance with the law.

In our society, laws are not only designed to govern our conduct: they are also intended to give effect to social policies. For example, some laws provide for benefits when workers are injured on the job, for health care, as well as for loans to students who otherwise might not be able to go to university.

Another goal of the law is fairness. This means that the law should recognize and protect certain basic individual rights and freedoms, such as liberty and equality. The law also serves to ensure that strong groups and individuals do not use their powerful positions in society to take unfair advantage of weaker individuals.

However, despite the best intentions, laws are sometimes created that people later recognize as being unjust or unfair. In a democratic society, laws are not carved in stone, but must reflect the changing needs of society. In a democracy, anyone who feels that a particular law is flawed has the right to speak out publicly and to seek to change the law by lawful means.

studfiles.net

Закончите предложения в соответствии с текстом.

Контрольная работа № 1

По английскому языку для студентов юридических специальностей заочной (дистанционной) формы обучения

Прочитайте данные ниже определения слова «law», которое переводится на русский язык как «право, закон».

a) Law is а rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority;

b) Law is а set of rules or principles dealing with a specific area of a legal system;

c) Law is а way of life;

d) Law is а statement describing a relationship between or among phenomena for all cases in which the specified conditions are met.

Прочитайте и выучите идиоматические выражения со словом “law”. Составьте предложения с каждым из них. (Идиомы – это устойчивые по составу и структуре лексически неделимые и целостные по значению словосочетания или предложения).

1) law and order – правопорядок

2) the law of the jungle – закон джунглей

3) to lay down the law – a) устанавливать правовые нормы, формулировать закон; б) говорить

безапелляционным тоном, не допускать возражений

4) necessity knows no law –- нужда не знает закона.

3. Запомните следующие устойчивые сочетания со словом law(s):

1) to make laws – издавать, принимать законы

2) to repeal laws – отменять законы

3) to break laws – нарушать законы

4) to obey laws – соблюдать законы

5) to enforce laws – обеспечить (принудительно) исполнение закона

6) to apply laws – применять законы

7) to be against the law – быть противозаконным

8) to study law – изучать право

9) to amend the law – вносить поправки в закон

10) to turn to the law – обращаться к закону (в полицию)

11) to propose laws – вносить законы на рассмотрение

4. Ответьте на вопросы, начиная ответ с одного из выражений, данных ниже.

In my opinion – по моему мнению

I can’t make up my mind, but – не могу принять решение, но …

I am keeping an open mind for the moment – пока у меня нет никакого мнения на этот счет

I’m (not) sure that – я (не) уверен, что

Firstly, (secondly) – во-первых, (во-вторых)

Finally– наконец

1. Can we live without laws?

2. Why do we need law?

3. What spheres of life are regulated by law?

4. Must people obey laws?

5. What rules of behaviour are accepted in the society?

6. Do you share the idea that people should look only after themselves and take no care about others?

7. What rules do you obey willingly?

8. What rules would you abolish if you could?

9. Do laws limit your personal freedom?

10. Must all people study law at school?

11. Do you feel that laws protect you?

12. What law would you propose if you were a Member of Parliament?

Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу глаголами из упражнения 3.

1. The State Duma of the Russian Federation … laws.

2. The government … laws and … them if they are bad.

3. The police … laws.

4. Courts and judges … laws.

5. Law-abiding people … laws.

6. Criminals … laws.

7. The students of universities … law.

6. Выберите правильную форму глагола./ Для того чтобы правильно выполнить это задание, необходимо повторить грамматическую тему - Система времен английских глаголов в активном залоге (The System of Tenses. Active Voice) См. примечания в конце заданий/.

1. Students (are studying, study) law at the university. 2. He already (graduated, has graduated) from the university. 3, Last year he (graduated, has graduated) from the university. 4. The police (didn’t find, haven’t found) the killer yet. 5. For about 10 years legislators (discussed, have been discussing) the bill. 6. Every year the State Duma of the RF (is passing, passes) a lot of laws. 7. In 1992 our country (ratified, had ratified) the treaty. 8. Lawyers (came, have come) to the agreement by the end of the present session. 9. You (are looking, look) very thoughtful. What (do you think, are you thinking) about? – I (think, am thinking) about retirement. – But you are only 25. You only just (started, have started) your career. – I (know, am knowing), but I (read, have read) an article which (says, is saying) that a sensible man (started, starts) thinking about retirement at 25.

Why do We Need Law?

Vocabulary

1. rules imposed by morality and custom – правила, предписанные моралью и обычаем

2. rules made by the state or the courts – нормы, создаваемые государством и судами

3. to control or alter our behaviour – управлять и вносить изменения в наше поведение

4. to safeguard our personal property and our lives – охранять нашу личную собственность и наши жизни

5. a well-ordered society – высокоорганизованное общество

6. to ensure a safe and peaceful society – обеспечивать безопасное и мирное существование

7. to punish people without trial –наказывать людей без суда и следствия

8. to respect individual rights – уважать права человека

9. to give effect to social policies – оказывать влияние на социальную политику

10. to protect liberty and equality – защищать свободу и равенство

7. Прочитайте и переведите текст Why do we need law?

Almost everything we do is governed by some set of rules. There are rules for games, for social clubs, for sports and for adults in the workplace. There are also rules imposed by morality and custom that play an important role in telling us what we should and should not do. However, some rules – those made by the state or the courts – are called “laws”. Laws resemble morality because they are designed to control or alter our behaviour. But unlike rules of morality, laws are enforced by the courts; if you break a law – whether you like that law or not – you may be forced to pay a fine, pay damages, or go to prison.

Why are some rules so special that they are made into laws? Why do we need rules that everyone must obey? In short, what is the purpose of law?

If we did not live in a structured society with other people, laws would not be necessary. We would simply do as we please, with little regard for others. But ever since individuals began to associate with other people – to live in society – laws have been the glue that has kept society together. For example, the law in our country states that we must drive our cars on the right-hand side of a two-way street. If people were allowed to choose at random which side of the street to drive on, driving would be dangerous and chaotic. Laws regulating our business affairs help to ensure that people keep their promises. Laws against criminal conduct help to safeguard our personal property and our lives.

Even in a well-ordered society, people have disagreements and conflicts arise. The law must provide a way to resolve these disputes peacefully. If two people claim to own the same piece of property, we do not want the matter settled by a duel: we turn to the law and to institutions like the courts to decide who is the real owner and to make sure that the real owner's rights are respected.

We need law, then, to ensure a safe and peaceful society in which individuals’ rights are respected. But we expect even more from our law. Some totalitarian governments have cruel and arbitrary laws, enforced by police forces free to arrest and punish people without trial. Strong-arm tactics may provide a great deal of order, but we reject this form of control. The legal system should respect individual rights while, at the same time, ensuring that society operates in an orderly manner. And society should believe in the Rule of Law, which means that the law applies to every person,

including members of the police and other public officials, who must carry out their public duties in accordance with the law.

In our society, laws are not only designed to govern our conduct: they are also intended to give effect to social policies. For example, some laws provide for benefits when workers are injured on the job, for health care, as well as for loans to students who otherwise might not be able to go to university.

Another goal of the law is fairness. This means that the law should recognize and protect certain basic individual rights and freedoms, such as liberty and equality. The law also serves to ensure that strong groups and individuals do not use their powerful positions in society to take unfair advantage of weaker individuals.

However, despite the best intentions, laws are sometimes created that people later recognize as being unjust or unfair. In a democratic society, laws are not carved in stone, but must reflect the changing needs of society. In a democracy, anyone who feels that a particular law is flawed has the right to speak out publicly and to seek to change the law by lawful means.

Закончите предложения в соответствии с текстом.

1. Almost everything we do is governed by …

a) rules imposed by morality.

b) the courts.

c) some set of rules.

2. If we didn’t live in a structured society with other people …

a) we would simply do as we please.

b) we would simply do with little regard for others.

c) laws would not be necessary.

3. Laws against criminal conduct help …

a) to protect our property.

b) to take advantage of other individuals.

c) to safeguard our personal property and our lives.

4. We turn to the law …

a) to resolve disputes peacefully.

b) to decide who is the real owner.

c) to force people to keep their promises.

5. Another goal of the law is …

a) to protect certain basic individual rights and freedoms.

b) fairness.

c) to provide for benefits.

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III. TEXT 1. WHY DO WE NEED THE LAW?

Almost everything we do is governed by some set of rules. There are rules for games, for social clubs, for sports and for adults in the workplace. There are also rules imposed by morality and custom that play an important role in telling us what we should and should not do. However, some rules -- those made by the state or the courts -- are called "laws". Laws resemble morality because they are designed to control or alter our behavior. But unlike rules of morality, laws are enforced by the courts; if you break a law -- whether you like that law or not -- you may be forced to pay a fine, pay damages, or go to prison.are some rules so special that they are made into laws? Why do we need rules that everyone must obey? In short, what is the purpose of law?we did not live in a structured society with other people, laws would not be necessary. We would simply do as we please, with little regard for others. But ever since individuals began to associate with other people -- to live in society --laws have been the glue that has kept society together. For example, the law in our country states that we must drive our cars on the right-hand side of a two-way street. If people were allowed to choose at random which side of the street to drive on, driving would be dangerous and chaotic. Laws regulating our business affairs help to ensure that people keep their promises. Laws against criminal conduct help to safeguard our personal property and our lives.in a well-ordered society, people have disagreements and conflicts arise. The law must provide a way to resolve these disputes peacefully. If two people claim to own the same piece of property, we do not want the matter settled by a duel: we turn to the law and to institutions like the courts to decide who is the real owner and to make sure that the real owner's rights are respected.need law, then, to ensure a safe and peaceful society in which individuals' rights are respected. But we expect even more from our law. Some totalitarian governments have cruel and arbitrary laws, enforced by police forces free to arrest and punish people without trial. Strong-arm tactics may provide a great deal of order, but we reject this form of control. The legal system should respect individual rights while, at the same time, ensuring that society operates in an orderly manner. And society should believe in the Rule of Law, which means that the law applies to every person, including members of the police and other public officials, who must carry out their public duties in accordance with the law. Our society, laws are not only designed to govern our conduct: they are also intended to give effect to social policies. For example, some laws provide for benefits when workers are injured on the job, for health care, as well as for loans to students who otherwise might not be able to go to university. Goal of the law is fairness. This means that the law should recognize and protect certain basic individual rights and freedoms, such as liberty and equality. The law also serves to ensure that strong groups and individuals do not use their powerful positions in society to take unfair advantage of weaker individuals, despite the best intentions, laws are sometimes created that people later recognize as being unjust or unfair. In a democratic society, laws are not carved in stone, but must reflect the changing needs of society. In a democracy, anyone who feels that a particular law is flawed has the right to speak out publicly and to seek to change the law by lawful means.

Exercise 1. Подберите к английским словосочетаниям из текста русские эквиваленты

Exercise 2. Закончите предложения в соответствии с текстом.

1. Almost everything we do is governed by) rules imposed by morality) the courts) some set of rules

If we didn’t live in a structured society with other people ) we would simply do as we please) we would simply do with little regard for others) laws would not be necessary

Laws against criminal conduct help) to protect our property) to take advantage of other individuals) to safeguard our personal property and our lives.

We turn to the law) to resolve the dispute peacefully) to decide who is the real owner) to force people keep their promises

Another goal of the law is) to protect certain basic individual rights and freedoms) fairness) to provide for benefits.

Exercise 3. Выразите согласие/несогласие со следующими утверждениями, используя ту или иную речевую модель.

Model: a) I fully agree with the statement.) I am afraid, I can’t agree with it.

1. Not everything we do is governed by some set of rules.

2. We need rules that everyone must obey.

3. Laws against criminal conduct don’t help to safeguard our personal property and our lives.

4. In well-ordered society conflicts never arise.

5. It is impossible to resolve disputes peacefully.

6. If individual’s rights are respected it means that we live in a safe and peaceful society.

7. Totalitarian governments have cruel and arbitrary laws.

8. Strong-arm tactics may provide a great deal of order ensuring the society operates in an orderly manner.

9. Laws should be applied to every person in the society.

10.The only goal of the law is fairness.

Exercise 4. Замените русские слова в скобках английскими эквивалентами из текста

The aim of (права) is to regulate the conduct of human beings in society. The aim of (правовой) theory is (рассмотреть) the nature, origin and classification of law. The theory of natural law is based on the belief that there is a set of perfect (юридических норм) for human conduct and (законы) devised by men must be induced by these rules. (Закон) is a term which is used in many different senses. To (юриста) law has far narrower meaning - the principle recognized and applied by the state in (суде). The English (правовая система) has still been copied by many nations. (Судебный процесс) becomes the center of a contest between both parties in which one emerges the winner. By the time of (судебного разбирательства) each (сторона дела) should gain as much information as possible.

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